Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth,and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use.This is especially true in agriculture,where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.
To start with,it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history,and will continue to do so.Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed,clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today.It had minimal effect on biodiversity,and any pollution it caused was typically localized.In terms of energy use and the nutrients captured in the product it was relatively inefficient.
Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution.Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields.Throughout this period food became cheaper,safer and more reliable.However,these changes have also led to habitat loss.
Whats more,demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050.Yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions.
All this means that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th.This will require radical thinking.For example,we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones.We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be “zero impact”.The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability,which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage.Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation,one that looks at the pros and cons of all the various way land is used.There are many different agricultural performances besides food yield: energy use,environmental costs,water purity,carbon footprint and biodiversity.It is clear,for example,that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting.But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity.What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production.
()15.How do people often measure progress in agriculture?
A.By its productivity.
B.By its sustainability.
C.By its impact on the environment.
D.By its contribution to economic growth.
()16.Specialization and the effort to increase yields have resulted in.
A.localized pollution
B.the shrinking of farmland
C.competition from overseas
D.the decrease of biodiversity
()17.What does the author think of traditional farming practices?
A.They have remained the same over the centuries.
B.They have not kept pace with population growth.
C.They are not necessarily sustainable.
D.They are environmentally friendly.
()18.What will agriculture be like in the 21st century?
A.It will go through radical changes.
B.It will supply more animal products.
C.It will abandon traditional farming practices.
D.It will cause zero damage to the environment.
()19.What is the authors purpose in writing this passage?
A.To remind people of the need of sustainable development.
B.To suggest ways of ensuring sustainable food production.
C.To advance new criteria for measuring farming progress.
D.To urge people to rethink what sustainable agriculture is.
Ⅳ.Writing 12%
Directions: For this part,you are required to write a composition on the topic: Campus Life.You should write at least 120 words.
教育學、教育心理學部分
五、簡答題(本大題共5分)
簡述智力與創(chuàng)造性的關(guān)系。
六、簡答題(本大題共5分)
簡述中學生道德發(fā)展具有自律性的主要表現(xiàn)。
【參考答案】
Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure
1.A 【解析】現(xiàn)在完成時表明過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或后果。前一句話就表明了沒有寄明信片的后果。
2.B 【解析】該句的主語為nobody，故動詞用B。
3.C 【解析】情態(tài)動詞中的must, can, could, may都表推測。其中must的可能性最大，can 次之，may 最小。由該句話的語境可以推斷出，一定是我媽媽回來了。
4.D 【解析】該句主語為all，故選D。
5.B 【解析】the singer and the dancer為兩個人，故用have。
6.D 【解析】it做形式賓語，真正的賓語為to master a foreign language without much memory work。
7.A 【解析】第一個to屬于be up to這個短語，意為“勝任”;第二個to為不定式表目的。
8.B 【解析】not that…but that 同 not because…but because, 表示兩個原因和理由，一正一反，前后對比。
9.A 【解析】take into account意為“重視，考慮”;account for意為“說明……原因”;make up for意為“補償，彌補”;make out意為“填寫，辨認”。
10.A 【解析】preference意為“偏愛”;expectation意為“期望”;fantasy意為“想象，幻想”;fashion意為“方式，樣式”。
11.B 【解析】evident意為“明顯的”;authentic意為“真實的”;ultimate意為“最終的”;immediate意為“立即的”。本句的意思是“記者發(fā)來的是一份可靠的新聞報道，我們可以依賴它。”
12.B 【解析】inaugurate意為“舉行就職(開幕)典禮”;designate意為“指定，指派”;entitle意為“授權(quán)，取名”;delegate意為“委托……作代表”。本句的意思是“公園里的這塊地方是專門為孩子們設(shè)計的，不過陪同孩子的成年人也受歡迎。”
13.B 【解析】gracious意為“親切的，和藹的”;decent意為“令人滿意的，得體的”;honorable意為“光榮的”;positive意為“肯定的，積極的”。本句的意思是“在一些偏遠的地方還有很多窮人過不上令人滿意的日子。”
14.D 【解析】scandal意為“丑聞”;misfortune意為“不幸”;deficit意為“赤字”;handicap意為“障礙”。本句的意思是“世界上有數(shù)百萬人患有某種類型的肢體、精神或者情緒上的障礙，這嚴重限制了他們自己應(yīng)付日常生活的能力。”
15.A 【解析】in relation to意為“和……有關(guān)”;in proportion to意為“與……成比例”;by means of意為“通過……方法”;on behalf of意為“代表”。本句的意思是“時尚通常被認為和服裝有關(guān)，然而認識到時尚包含諸多因素是很重要的。”
Ⅱ.Close
1-5 BACCD6-10 DABCD11-15 DCBDB16-20 ADCDA
Ⅲ.Reading Comprehension
1-5 BBCAD6-9 ABDA10-14 BCBCC15-19BDCAD
Ⅳ.Writing
【參考答案】略。
教育學、教育心理學部分
五、簡答題
【參考答案】智力與創(chuàng)造性并非簡單的線性關(guān)系，二者既有獨立性，又在某種條件下具有相關(guān)性。 低智商不可能具有創(chuàng)造性;高智商可能有高創(chuàng)造性，也可能有低創(chuàng)造性;低創(chuàng)造性的智商水平可能高，也可能低;高創(chuàng)造性者必須有高于一般水平的智商。
六、簡答題
【參考答案】中學生道德發(fā)展的自律性表現(xiàn)在以下幾方面：
(1)形成道德信念;
(2)自我意識增強;
(3)品德結(jié)構(gòu)更為完善。