專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識部分

Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure 15%

Directions:There are fifteen incomplete sentences in the following.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.

()1.—I�餸 sorry，I�餷l have to.I�饁e had a wonderful evening here.

—It�餾 a pleasure to have you here.

A.stopB.sleep

C.leaveD.wait

()2.—How longthis factory?

—Since 2001.

A.has,openedB.has,been open

C.has,begunD.has,become

()3.He is a strict but kind�瞙earted father,the children respect but are afraid of.

A./ B.that

C.for whom D.one whom

()4.He lived in London for 3 months,duringtime he learned some English.

A.this　　 B.which

C.that　　D.same

()5.The weather turned out to be very good,was more than we could expect.

A.what　 B.which

C.that D.it

()6.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,was very reasonable.

A.which price　 B.the price of which

C.its price　D.the price of whose

()7.Here�餾 my card.Let�餾 keep in .

A.touch B.relation

C.connection D.friendship

()8.the increase in air fares,most people still prefer to travel by plane.

A.No matter how B.Though

C.Regardless D.Despite

()9.She cooked the meat for a long time so as to make itenough to eat.

A.mild B.slight

C.light D.tender

()10.There is noevidence that people can control their dreams,at least in experimental situations in a lab.

A.rigid B.solid

C.smooth D.harsh

()11.He said that ending the agreement wouldthe future of small or family�瞨un shops,lead to fewer books being published and increase prices of all but a few bestsellers.

A.venture B.expose

C.jeopardize D.legalize

()12.I could hear nothing but the roar of the airplane engines whichall other sounds.

A.overturned B.drowned

C.deafened D.smoothed

()13.Tom is bankrupt now.He is desperate because all his effortsfailure.

A.tumbled to B.hinged upon

C.inflicted on D.culminated in

()14.If the value�瞐dded tax were done away with,it would act as ato consumption.

A.progression B.prime

C.stability D.stimulus

()15.It is my hope that everyone in this class shouldtheir errors before it is too late.

A.refute B.exclude

C.expel D.rectify

Ⅱ.Close 20%

Directions:There is one passage with blanks in this part.For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the ONE that best fills in the blank.

Space is a dangerous place,not only because of meteors (流星) but also because of rays from the sun and other planets.

The atmosphere again acts1our protective blanket on2.Light gets through,and this is essential3plants to make the food which we4.Heat,5,makes our environments tolerable and some ultraviolet rays (紫外線的) penetrate the6.Cosmic (宇宙的) rays of various kinds come7the air from outer space,but8quantities of radiation from the sun are screened off.9men leave the atmosphere they are10to this radiation;11their spacesuits or the walls of their spacecraft,if they are inside,12prevent a lot of radiation damage.

Radiation is the greatest known danger to explorers in13.Doses of radiation are measured in14called “rems (雷目)”.We all15radiation here on earth from the sun,from cosmic rays and from radioactive minerals.The “16” dose of radiation that we receive each year is about two millirems; it17according to where you live,and this is a very rough estimate.

Scientists have reason to think18a man can19far more radiation20without being damaged; the figure of 60 rems has been agreed.

()1.A.for 　　 B.with 　 C.on 　　 D.as

()2.A.stars 　　 B.sun 　　 C.earthD.space

()3.A.with 　　 B.from 　　C.underD.for

()4.A.use 　　 B.live 　　 C.eat 　D.get

()5.A.again 　　 B.also 　　　C.besides D.too

()6.A.environment B.space 　　C.atmosphere D.earth

()7.A.across 　　 B.to 　　　 C.from 　　 D.through

()8.A.valid 　　 B.enormous C.various 　　 D.proper

()9.A.As soon as 　B.As well as 　C.As much as D.As possible as

()10.A.shown 　　 B.exposed 　 C.faced 　　 D.covered

()11.A.but 　　 B.because 　　 C.so 　　 D.so that

()12.A.get 　　 B.make 　　　 C.have 　　 D.do

()13.A.earth 　　 B.atmosphere 　C.space 　　 D.environment

()14.A.pieces 　　 B.units 　　　 C.parts 　　 D.elements

()15.A.receive 　　B.accept 　　　C.bring 　　 D.catch

()16.A.conventional B.common　　 C.general 　　D.normal

()17.A.shifts 　　 B.converts 　　C.modifies 　 D.varies

()18.A.what 　　 B.which 　　　C.that D.why

()19.A.put up with B.keep up with C.come up with 　D.catch up with

()20.A.from 　　 B.than 　C.asD.away

Ⅲ.Reading Comprehension 36%

Directions:There are four passages in this part.Each passage is followed by several questions and unfinished sentences.For each of them there are several choices.You should decide on the BEST ONE.

Passage 1

I never wanted a dog,but now I�餸 so glad I have one.

About two years ago,my wife,Cathy,got a little dog with a face only a mother could love.We named her Gertie.

Gertie is the kind of dog that has to grow on you.So I decided that the dog would be trained.This didn�餿 quite go as planned.At 15 weeks old,she was nearly made to leave the Petsmart Training School.She spent every night lying in our bed—snoring so loudly that I hardly got a good night�餾 sleep.

Then,about six months after she arrived,I felt that something in my heart was taking place,and I was unable to stop it.My behavior began to change.I began to smile at people when passing them in a street.I returned from neighbors.I started calling my kids and,to my surprise,they started calling me.I even tried to speak to my grandchildren over the phone once.I even was glad to listen to laughter from a 10�瞞onth�瞣ld granddaughter.The point is that I was changing.

My wife and I both agree that it is Gertie who has changed my behavior.

Gertie is now nearly two years old and almost fully grown.I have come to like the pet little by little,though she is my wife�餾 dog.

()1.What did the man think of the dog at the beginning?

A.It wasn�餿 very lovely. 　B.It looked very beautiful.

C.It wasn�餿 necessary to be trained. 　D.It could change his life.

()2.When did the man�餾 behavior begin to change?

A.About two years ago.

B.When Gertie was nearly two years old.

C.When Gertie was 15 weeks old.

D.About six months after Gertie arrived.

()3.Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the man�餾 change?

A.He began to smile at people.

B.He liked helping his neighbors.

C.He started calling his kids.

D.He spoke to his grandchildren over the phone.

()4.What can we learn from this passage?

A.The dog has been trained very well.

B.The man has become more confident.

C.The man has become more friendly.

D.The man likes the dog better than his wife.

Passage 2

The African elephant,the largest land animal remaining on earth,is of great importance to African ecosystem(生態(tài)系統(tǒng)).Unlike other animals,the African elephant is to a great extent the builder of its environment.As a big plant�瞖ater,it largely shapes the forest�瞐nd�瞫avanna(大草原) surroundings in which it lives,therefore setting the terms of existence for millions of other animals that live in its habitat(棲息地).

It is the elephant�餾 great desire for food that makes it a disturber of the environment and an important builder of its habitat.In its continuous search for the 300 pounds of plants it must have every day,it kills small trees and under�瞓ushes,and pulls branches off big trees.This results in numerous open spaces in both deep tropical forests and in the woodlands that cover part of the African savannas.In these open spaces are numerous plants in various stages of growth that attract a variety of other plant�瞖aters.

Take the rain forests for example.In their natural state,the spreading branches overhead shut out sunlight and prevent the growth of plants on the forest floor.By pulling down trees and eating plants,elephants make open spaces,allowing new plants to grow on the forest floor.In such situations,the forests become suitable for large hoofed plant�瞖aters to move around and for small plant�瞖aters to get their food as well.

What worries scientists now is that the African elephant has become an endangered species.If the elephant disappears,scientists say,many other animals will also disappear from vast areas of forest and savanna,greatly changing and worsening the whole ecosystem.

()5.What is the passage mainly about?

A.Disappearance of African elephants.

B.Forests and savannas as habitats for African elephants.

C.The effect of African elephants�� search for food.

D.The eating habit of African elephants.

()6.What does the underlined phrase “setting the terms” most probably mean?

A.Fixing the time.

B.Worsening the state.

C.Improving the quality.

D.Deciding the conditions.

()7.What do we know about the open spaces in the passage?

A.They result from the destruction of rain forests.

B.They provide food mainly for African elephants.

C.They are home to many endangered animals.

D.They are attractive to plant�瞖ating animals of different kinds.

()8.The passage is developed mainly by.

A.showing the effects and then explaining the causes

B.pointing out similarities and differences

C.describing the changes in space order

D.giving examples

Passage 3

The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health.Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat,it has,at the same time,made many foods unfit to eat.Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well,especially cancer of the colon.Different cultures are more likely to cause certain different illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures.That food is related to illness is not a new discovery.In 1945,about 35 years ago,government researchers realized that nitrates,commonly used to preserve color in meats,and other food additives,caused cancer.Yet,these carcinogenic additives remain in our food,and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful.The additives which we eat are not all so direct.Farmers often give penicillin to beef and living animals,and because of this,penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cow.Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medical purposes,but for financial reasons.The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market.Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has tried repeatedly to control these procedures,the practices continue.

()9.What is the best possible title of the passage?

A.Drug and Food B.Cancer and Health

C.Food and Health D.Health and Drug

()10.Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A.Drugs are always given to animals for medical reasons.

B.Some of the additives in our food are added to the food itself and some are given to the living animals.

C.Researchers have known about the potential dangers of food additives for over thirty�瞗ive years.

D.Food may cause forty percent of cancer in world.

()11.How has science done something harmful to mankind?

A.Because of science,diseases caused by polluted food have been virtually eliminated.

B.It has caused a lack of information concerning the value of food.

C.Because of the application of science,some potentially harmful substances have been added to food.

D.The scientists have preserved the color of meats,but not of vegetables.

()12.What are nitrates used for?

A.They preserve flavor in packaged foods.

B.They preserve the color of meats.

C.They are the objects of research.

D.They cause the animals to become fatter.

()13.The word “carcinogenic” most nearly means “”.

A.trouble�瞞aking B.color�瞨etaining

C.money�瞞aking D.cancer�瞔ausing

Passage 4

A scientific panel convened by the World Health Organization recommended guidelines on Friday for doctors conducting clinical studies of SARS patients.The panel urged doctors to apply the guidelines in analyzing the masses of potentially useful information about various therapies that were collected in this year�餾 epidemic.Much of that information has not been published or analyzed.

“It is a matter of urgency to get better analysis and review.” said Dr.Simon Mardel,a WHO official who led the two�瞕ay meeting that ended on Friday.He said thousands of potential therapies and compounds had been tested so far as researchers try to determine treatments for SARS,or severe acute respiratory syndrome.“We recognize that having no treatment for SARS is hindering our ability to control an epidemic in so many ways.” He said.

In the epidemic earlier this year,various treatments,like drugs to fight the virus or strengthen the immune system,as well as traditional Chinese medicine,were delivered under emergency conditions,in widely different settings and countries to patients suffering from varying stages of the illness.Those conditions—generally without standardized measurements or controlled situations—have made it hard to interpret results.

Standard supportive therapy like nursing,and in severe cases the use of mechanical respirators(呼吸器)to help patients breathe,is the mainstay(主要支持)of SARS care,and helped many patients survive.But doctors still do not know how best to treat SARS patients who have breathing difficulties,Dr.Mardel said.One method is invasive ventilation.A second method involves blowing oxygen into the lungs through a mask.Both carry the risk of transmitting the virus to hospital employees.Without proper analysis,the panel was unable to say definitively which treatment worked best,or which caused the most harm.“There is a lack of shared information.” Dr.Mardel said,noting that a lot of data have not been published.

The panel also agreed on guidelines that would allow doctors to conduct quick and safe clinical trials,a process that generally takes years to complete.The World Health Organization,a United Nations agency did not release the guidelines.Dr.Mardel said they were flexible because no one knew where,when and in what setting SARS would return.Experts in many countries have already listed the treatments they want to test,and the health agency is leaving these decisions to individual nations.

()14.Guidelines recommended by the scientific panel can be used for.

A.gathering potentially useful information about various therapies collected

B.conducting clinical studies of SARS patients

C.determining treatment for SARS

D.publishing all the information about SARS

()15.According to the passage,it is difficult to interpret the results of certain treatments for SARS because.

A.patients were in different countries

B.patients were given medicines in widely different settings

C.patients were at different stages of the illness

D.these conditions had no standardized measurements or controlled situations

()16.According to doctors,the two methods to treat SARS patients who have breathing difficulties both.

A.carry the risk of infecting hospital employees

B.are effective in curing patients who have breathing difficulties

C.don�餿 run the risk of transmitting the virus to hospital employees

D.prove to work effectively and cause no harm

()17.According to a WHO official,Dr.Mardel,the guidelines were flexible because.

A.SARS would reemerge in poor countries

B.no one knew where,when and in what setting SARS would return

C.SARS would not appear in developed countries

D.no one knew whether SARS would return or not

()18.Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?

A.SARS,a Dreadful Disease

B.No Good Methods to Treat SARS

C.SARS Will Return One Day

D.Health Panel Recommends New Guidelines on SARS

Ⅳ.Translation 14%

Directions:Translate the following passages into Chinese.

Passage 1

Surely ambition is behind dreams of glory,of wealth,of distinction,of accomplishment,of pleasure,of goodness.What life does with our dreams and expectations cannot,of course,be predicted.Some dreams,begun in selflessness,end in rancor; other dreams,begun in selfishness,end in large�瞙eartedness.The unpredictability of the outcome of dreams is no reason to cease dreaming.

Passage 2

So if you want people to get on board,help them open their windows and urge them to look at the world outside.Expose them to the same eye�瞣pening information you have,and discuss it openly.If they don�餿 have the skills to analyze and interpret the data,then provide them with coaching and education.You don�餿 need to have a Ph.D.to intelligently appraise a competitive analysis or a market research study.Remember: people get on board when they look outward and see for themselves the reasons for change.

Ⅴ.Writing 15%

Directions: In this part,you are required to write a composition on the topic What does friendship mean? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1.友誼是人生永恒的主題。

2.友誼到底意味著什么。

3.友誼的重要性。

教育學(xué)、教育心理學(xué)部分

六、單項(xiàng)選擇題(本大題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分)

()1.對學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)所要達(dá)到目標(biāo)的主觀估計(jì)被稱為。

A.學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī) B.學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)

C.學(xué)習(xí)期待 D.學(xué)習(xí)誘因

()2.青少年自覺地按照一定的行動(dòng)目標(biāo)和社會準(zhǔn)則來評價(jià)自己的心理品質(zhì)和能力的時(shí)期叫做。

A.心理自我 B.生理自我

C.社會自我 D.自我意識

()3.人所處的環(huán)境復(fù)雜多樣，某一瞬間，人不可能對眾多事物進(jìn)行感知，而總是有選擇地把某一事物作為知覺對象，把其他事物作為知覺對象的背景，這種現(xiàn)象叫做知覺的。

A.整體性 B.選擇性

C.理解性 D.恒常性

()4.焦慮是由緊張、不安、焦急、憂慮、恐懼交織而成的一種情緒狀態(tài)。中學(xué)生常見的焦慮反應(yīng)是。

A.生活焦慮 B.睡眠障礙焦慮

C.交友焦慮 D.考試焦慮

()5.關(guān)于課程目標(biāo)的水平研究最為著名的是。

A.杜威 B.泰勒

C.布盧姆 D.布魯納

()6.學(xué)習(xí)由若干概念組成的句子的復(fù)合意義,即學(xué)習(xí)若干概念之間的關(guān)系的學(xué)習(xí)叫做。

A.概念學(xué)習(xí) B.符號學(xué)習(xí)

C.命題學(xué)習(xí) D.并列結(jié)合學(xué)習(xí)

()7.衡量一個(gè)測驗(yàn)有效性、正確性的重要指標(biāo)是。

A.信度 B.效度

C.難度 D.區(qū)分度

()8.課堂里某些占優(yōu)勢的態(tài)度與情感的綜合狀態(tài)稱為。

A.課堂氣氛 B.群體規(guī)范

C.人際關(guān)系 D.群體凝聚力

()9.個(gè)體在面對問題情境時(shí)，在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)產(chǎn)生大量不同的觀念，說明其思維具有。

A.流暢性 B.變通性

C.指向性 D.獨(dú)創(chuàng)性

()10.需要層次理論是由以下哪位心理學(xué)家所提出的?

A.阿特金森 B.馬斯洛

C.維納 D.班杜拉

七、填空題(本大題共5小題，每小題2分，共10分)

1.按照教師組織教學(xué)活動(dòng)中所要求實(shí)現(xiàn)的不同的認(rèn)識任務(wù)，教學(xué)過程的結(jié)構(gòu)由以下環(huán)節(jié)組成：引起學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)、領(lǐng)會知識、鞏固知識、和檢查知識。

2.教育的民主化一方面追求讓所有人都受到同樣的教育，另一方面，它也追求教育的。

3.班主任既通過對集體的管理去影響個(gè)人，又通過對個(gè)人的直接管理去影響集體，從而把集體和個(gè)人的管理結(jié)合起來，該管理方式是。

4.師生關(guān)系包括教育關(guān)系、道德關(guān)系和。

5.一書最早從理論上對班級授課制作了闡述。

八、論述題(本大題共2小題，每小題10分，共20分)

1.簡述提高教師教學(xué)監(jiān)控能力的技術(shù)。

2.結(jié)合實(shí)例分析培養(yǎng)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性的有效措施。

【參考答案】

Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure

1.C 【解析】此句的意思是“抱歉，我要走了。今晚我過得很愉快。”

2.B 【解析】句子是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，句中open是形容詞做表語。

3.D 【解析】替代詞one在句中作同位語，代指father，后面再接一個(gè)定語從句。先行詞one 又在從句中充當(dāng)賓語，用whom。

4.B 【解析】由which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，which可代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。which一般放在句中。

5.B 【解析】本題考查的是which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個(gè)句子的情況。

6.B 【解析】which為關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾Chinese vase。

7.A 【解析】keep in touch意為“保持聯(lián)絡(luò)”。

8.D 【解析】no matter how 意為“不管，無論”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句;regardless 意為“不顧”，應(yīng)與 of 連用;though 意為“盡管”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句;despite 意為“盡管，不顧”，后面接名詞或名詞性詞組。

9.D 【解析】mild意為“溫柔的，溫和的”;slight意為“微小的，輕微的”;light意為“淡色的，輕的”;tender意為“脆弱的，嫩的”。

10.B 【解析】rigid意為“剛硬的，僵硬的”;solid意為“穩(wěn)定的，可靠的”;smooth意為“光滑的，平坦的”;harsh意為“刺耳的，嚴(yán)酷的”。

11.C 【解析】venture意為“冒險(xiǎn)”;expose意為“使暴露”;jeopardize意為“危害，使處于危險(xiǎn)境地”;legalize意為“使合法化”。本句的意思是“他說終結(jié)契約不利于小商店或家庭式經(jīng)營書店的未來，那樣會減少圖書出版量，并且會提高全部圖書價(jià)格，而不僅僅是為數(shù)不多的幾本暢銷書”。

12.B 【解析】overturn意為“推翻, 顛倒”;drown意為“淹沒”;deafen意為“使聾”;smooth意為“使光滑，使優(yōu)雅”。本句的意思是“我聽不到任何其他聲音，飛機(jī)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轟鳴聲淹沒了它們”。

13.D 【解析】tumble to意為“恍然大悟”;hinge on意為“靠……轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng), 以……為轉(zhuǎn)移”;inflict on意為“使……受痛苦”，culminate in意為“最終”。本句的意思是“湯姆現(xiàn)在破產(chǎn)了。他陷入了絕望，因?yàn)樗�的所有努力最終都白費(fèi)了”。

14.D 【解析】progression意為“行進(jìn)”;prime意為“最初，青春”;stability意為“穩(wěn)定性”;stimulus意為“刺激”。本句的意思是“如果增值稅被廢除，它可以刺激消費(fèi)”。

15.D 【解析】refute意為“反駁”;exclude意為“排除”;expel意為“驅(qū)逐, 開除”;rectify意為“糾正”。本句的意思是“我希望我們班里的每一個(gè)人都能夠及時(shí)地改正自己的錯(cuò)誤”。

Ⅱ.Close

1-5 DCDCD6-10 CDBAB11-15 ADCBA16-20 DDCAB

Ⅲ.Reading Comprehension

1-4 ADBC5-8 CDDA9-13 CACBD14-18 BDABD

Ⅳ.Translation

【參考答案】

Passage 1

毫無疑問，雄心壯志期望的是榮耀、財(cái)富、非凡、成就、歡樂與美德。當(dāng)然，伴隨我們的抱負(fù)與希望，我們的生活將會是怎樣，這些總是無法意料的。有些夢想，出發(fā)點(diǎn)絲毫不為自己，但結(jié)果卻結(jié)下深仇;而有些夢想，原意是為了自己，但到頭來卻是為他人做了善事。夢想的結(jié)果雖然難以預(yù)測，但仍無理由扼殺夢想的存在。

Passage 2

如果你想讓人們積極參與，你得幫他們放開眼界并敦促他們向外看。讓他們像你一樣打開眼界，并和他們公開討論這些信息。如果他們還沒有分析解釋這些數(shù)據(jù)的能力，就為他們提供教育培訓(xùn)。進(jìn)行明智的競爭優(yōu)勢分析和市場調(diào)查分析無須博士學(xué)位。記�。寒�(dāng)人們向外看并發(fā)現(xiàn)了需要改變的理由，他們自然會積極參與。

Ⅴ.Writing

【參考答案】略。

教育學(xué)、教育心理學(xué)部分

六、單項(xiàng)選擇題

1.C 【解析】略。

2.A 【解析】自我意識是個(gè)體對自己以及自己與周邊事物的關(guān)系進(jìn)行認(rèn)識時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的一種意識活動(dòng)。個(gè)人自我意識的發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了從生理自我到社會自我再到心理自我的過程。心理自我時(shí)期，個(gè)體自覺地按照一定的行動(dòng)目標(biāo)和社會準(zhǔn)則來評價(jià)自己的心理品質(zhì)和能力。

3.B 【解析】略。

4.D 【解析】焦慮癥是以與客觀威脅不相適應(yīng)的焦慮反應(yīng)為特征的神經(jīng)癥，學(xué)生中常見的焦慮反應(yīng)是考試焦慮。

5.C 【解析】布盧姆是美國杰出的心理學(xué)家和教育學(xué)家，他的理論業(yè)績在四個(gè)領(lǐng)域中尤為突出：教育目標(biāo)分類學(xué);掌握學(xué)習(xí)理論;教育評價(jià)理論;課程開發(fā)論。

6.C 【解析】根據(jù)知識本身的存在形式和復(fù)雜程度，可以把知識的學(xué)習(xí)分為符號學(xué)習(xí)、概念學(xué)習(xí)和命題學(xué)習(xí)。題干為命題學(xué)習(xí)的定義。

7.B 【解析】略。

8.A 【解析】課堂氣氛是教學(xué)過程的軟環(huán)境，通常是指課堂里某些占優(yōu)勢的態(tài)度與情感的綜合狀態(tài)。

9.A 【解析】略。

10.B 【解析】需要層次理論是人本主義心理學(xué)理論在動(dòng)機(jī)領(lǐng)域中的體現(xiàn)，美國心理學(xué)家馬斯洛是這一理論的提出者和代表人物。

七、填空題

1.運(yùn)用知識2.自由化3.班級平行管理4.社會關(guān)系5.《大教學(xué)論》

八、論述題

1.【參考答案】教師為了保證教學(xué)的成功、達(dá)到預(yù)期的教學(xué)目標(biāo)，而在教學(xué)的全過程中，將教學(xué)活動(dòng)本身作為意識的對象，不斷地對其進(jìn)行積極、主動(dòng)的計(jì)劃、監(jiān)察、評價(jià)、反饋、控制和調(diào)節(jié)的能力稱為教師教學(xué)監(jiān)控能力。

教師的教學(xué)監(jiān)控能力主要可分為三個(gè)方面：(1)教師對自己實(shí)際教學(xué)活動(dòng)的事先計(jì)劃和安排;(2)教師對自己實(shí)際教學(xué)活動(dòng)進(jìn)行有意識的監(jiān)察、評價(jià)和反饋;(3)教師對自己的教學(xué)活動(dòng)進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)、校正和有意識的自我控制。

提高教師的教學(xué)監(jiān)控能力的技術(shù)主要有以下三種：(1)角色改變技術(shù)。其目的是讓教師形成正確的教育觀念，提高其參加教育科研的自覺性和主動(dòng)性，從而自覺地實(shí)現(xiàn)角色的改變。(2)教學(xué)反饋技術(shù)。其目的是使教師對自己教學(xué)各環(huán)節(jié)有一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確而客觀的認(rèn)識。(3)現(xiàn)場指導(dǎo)技術(shù)。其目的是幫助教師針對不同的教學(xué)背景，選用最佳的教學(xué)策略，以達(dá)到最佳的教學(xué)效果，使其最終能達(dá)到對自己課堂教學(xué)的有效調(diào)節(jié)和校正。

2.【參考答案】

(1)創(chuàng)設(shè)有利于創(chuàng)造性產(chǎn)生的適宜環(huán)境。①創(chuàng)設(shè)寬松的心理環(huán)境;②給學(xué)生留有充分選擇的余地;③改革考試制度與考試內(nèi)容。

(2)注重創(chuàng)造性個(gè)性的塑造。①鼓勵(lì)好奇心;②解除個(gè)體對答錯(cuò)問題的恐懼心理;③鼓勵(lì)獨(dú)立性和創(chuàng)新精神;④重視直覺思維能力;⑤給學(xué)生提供具有創(chuàng)造性的榜樣。

(3)開設(shè)培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)造性的課程，教授創(chuàng)造性思維策略。①發(fā)散思維策略;②推測與假設(shè)訓(xùn)練;③自我設(shè)計(jì)訓(xùn)練;④頭腦風(fēng)暴法訓(xùn)練。